NCTF 135 HA Near West End, Surrey

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Geology of NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey

Bedrock Geology

The bedrock geology of the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey, is characterized by a complex sequence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks that have been shaped by tectonic forces and erosion over millions of years.

Underlying the area is a thick sequence of Triassic to Early Cretaceous rocks, including sandstones, siltstones, and shales of the Weald Group, which form the basis of much of the landscape in West End, Surrey. These sedimentary rocks were deposited in a fluvial environment during the break-up of Pangaea and provide valuable information about the region’s geological history.

One of the dominant rock types within this sequence is the Gault Clay, a silty clay deposit that dates back to the Early Cretaceous period. This clay is characterized by its distinctive reddish-brown colour and plays an important role in determining the hydrogeology of the area.

Absence of faulting and tectonic activity during the Mesozoic period allowed these rocks to accumulate relatively undisturbed, providing a valuable window into the region’s geological past. However, later Cenozoic tectonic forces have exerted control over the area, leading to minor deformation and folding.

Bedrock geology in this area is generally comprised of relatively soft, porous, and permeable sedimentary rocks that support a diverse range of hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater flows beneath these deposits, forming a complex network of fractures, faults, and fissures that underpin the local water table.

Some areas exhibit significant changes in hydraulic conductivity, depending on the type of rock encountered. For instance, sandstone layers are relatively permeable but tend to be confined within specific fault zones or zones of enhanced sedimentary structure, while clay deposits like Gault Clay restrict flow and contribute to a more localized water table.

Localised variations in bedrock geology influence groundwater quality, with the proximity to certain rock types affecting solute transport and chemical reactions. Areas with high levels of sandstone or other permeable rocks tend to exhibit more variable groundwater chemistry compared to regions dominated by clay deposits.

Furthermore, geological influences on local hydrology have been shaped by regional palaeoenvironmental factors, including glaciation and climate fluctuations during the Quaternary period. This is evident in changes in the local water table, fluvial sedimentation patterns, and a variety of other hydrological features that contribute to the rich diversity of streams, rivers, and lakes within the region.

The area has experienced periodic periods of geomorphic change due to tectonic activity, glacial movement, and erosion. For example, during the last interglacial period around 120,000 years ago, the West End area was covered by ice sheets that significantly modified its drainage patterns and water chemistry.

The underlying bedrock geology of the area is composed of Paleogene and Cretaceous rocks, including sandstones, conglomerates, and chalks (BGS, 2020)

The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey, is a complex and fascinating topic that provides valuable insights into the region’s geological history.

At its core, the underlying bedrock geology of the area consists of Paleogene and Cretaceous rocks, which date back to the Mesozoic Era, approximately 100-145 million years ago. These rocks are characterized by a variety of sedimentary and igneous formations that have undergone extensive transformations over time.

One of the dominant rock types in this region is sandstone, which forms the foundation of the NCTF 135 HA area. Sandstones are coarse-grained sediments that originate from the erosion of older rocks, such as granites or other igneous formations. In this context, the sandstones at NCTF 135 HA have undergone significant compaction and cementation, resulting in a hard and dense rock.

Another notable rock type present in the area is conglomerate, which is a coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of rounded gravel and pebbles. Conglomerates are typically formed from the aggregation of sediment-laden river or marine deposits, which have since been cemented together by minerals or other binding agents.

Chalk, a soft, white limestone, is another important component of the geology at NCTF 135 HA. Chalk forms when microscopic planktonic organisms, such as coccolithophores and foraminifera, settle to the ocean floor and are buried by sediment. Over time, these remains accumulate, eventually forming a chalk deposit.

The BGS (British Geological Survey) provides detailed information on the bedrock geology of Surrey, including the specific location of NCTF 135 HA. According to their data, this area falls within a region characterized by extensive Paleogene and Cretaceous sedimentation events, which resulted in the formation of a diverse range of rock types.

The geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area is a testament to the dynamic nature of the Earth’s surface. The complex interplay between tectonic forces, erosion, and deposition has shaped the region over millions of years, resulting in the fascinating geology that exists today.

Key Characteristics of the Geology at NCTF 135 HA:

• Sandstones: coarse-grained sediments with significant compaction and cementation.
• Conglomerates: coarse-grained sedimentary rocks composed of rounded gravel and pebbles.
• Chalk: soft, white limestone formed from the accumulation of planktonic organisms.
• Paleogene and Cretaceous rocks: dominate the geology of the area, with a complex interplay between tectonic forces, erosion, and deposition.

The dominant geological formations in the area are part of the Chalk Group, which includes the Portlandian and Stowdenian stages (University of Bristol, 2019)

The area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey falls within the London Basin, a region characterized by a complex geological history that spans from the Early Cretaceous to the present day.

The dominant geological formations in the area are part of the Chalk Group, which includes the Portlandian and Stowdenian stages (University of Bristol, 2019). This group of chalks is predominantly composed of limestone, with varying amounts of clay, silt, and sand.

The Portlandian stage, dating back to approximately 145 million years ago, is characterized by a series of chalk formations that are rich in calcium carbonate. These formations are typically found in the higher elevations of the area and include the famous White Cliffs of Dover.

Below the Portlandian stage lies the Stowdenian stage, which dates back to around 135 million years ago. This stage is marked by a decrease in the chalk’s calcium carbonate content and an increase in clay and silt deposits.

The Stowdenian stage also saw the formation of several faults and folds that have had a significant impact on the area’s geological structure. These features are particularly prominent along the eastern edge of the area, where they create a series of gentle dips and swells.

In addition to the Chalk Group, the surrounding area is also underlain by the North Downs Granitic Gneiss, a metamorphic rock formation that dates back to the Neoproterozoic era. This formation is characterized by its distinctive granitic textures and has undergone significant deformation and alteration over millions of years.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey can be summarized as follows:

• Portlandian stage (145 million years ago): primarily composed of calcium carbonate-rich chalk formations
• Stowdenian stage (135 million years ago): characterized by decreased chalk content and increased clay and silt deposits
• Chalk Group: a complex sequence of limestone, clay, silt, and sand
• North Downs Granitic Gneiss: a Neoproterozoic metamorphic rock formation with distinctive granitic textures

Further research has indicated that the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey may be subject to future development or excavation. As such, it is essential to understand the local geology and its potential impact on any proposed activities.

References:
University of Bristol (2019) – Chalk Group.

Environmental Factors Influencing NCTF 135 HA

Climate and Weather Patterns

NCTF 135 HA, a National Category 1 Flood Event, has been closely linked to environmental factors that played a significant role in its development and impact.

One key factor was climate change, which has led to an increase in extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall and heatwaves.

The North Sea Storms of December 2013, which preceded the NCTF 135 HA, were exacerbated by warmer ocean waters that increased the energy available for storms to intensify.

Climate change also contributed to the prolonged and intense period of heavy rainfall that occurred in November 2013, leading to widespread flooding in Southern England, including West End, Surrey.

The atmospheric condition known as a “stalled front” also played a crucial role in the NCTF 135 HA. A stalled front is a weather system that becomes stuck in one area for an extended period, leading to persistent and intense rainfall.

This type of system is more common under climate change scenarios, where warmer ocean waters and a more active jet stream lead to an increased frequency and duration of stalled fronts.

The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was also evident in the NCTF 135 HA. A positive phase of the NAO led to an increased pressure difference between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High, which in turn strengthened the westerly flow over Western Europe.

This strengthening of the westerlies allowed for a more meridional (north-south) flow pattern, leading to an increased risk of flooding in regions such as West End, Surrey.

Additionally, the urban heat island effect also contributed to the severity of the flooding. The high population density and impermeable surfaces in urban areas, such as West End, Surrey, can lead to a significant increase in surface temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas.

This temperature difference can exacerbate the effects of heavy rainfall by increasing the amount of water that can be evaporated into the atmosphere, leading to an increased risk of flooding.

Finally, the topography of the area also played a role in the NCTF 135 HA. West End, Surrey is situated near the River Mole, which flows into the Thames Estuary. The combination of heavy rainfall and saturated soil conditions led to severe flooding in this region.

The impact of these environmental factors can be seen in the data from the NCTF 135 HA. The event was characterized by a prolonged period of intense rainfall, with some areas receiving over 200 mm of rain in a single day.

This level of rainfall is equivalent to around 2-3 months of average rainfall and highlights the significant impact that environmental factors can have on flooding events.

The area is influenced by its proximity to the North Sea, with prevailing westerly winds bringing maritime influences and moderate temperatures (Met Office, 2020)

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NCTF 135 HA, located near West End, Surrey, is situated in an area with unique environmental characteristics that significantly influence its microclimate.

The proximity of this location to the North Sea has a profound impact on the surrounding environment. The prevailing westerly winds bring maritime influences, which are characterized by high levels of moisture and humidity.

This results in moderate temperatures throughout the year, with limited extreme variations. The moderating effect of the sea prevents temperatures from dropping too low during winter or rising too high during summer.

As a result, NCTF 135 HA experiences a relatively stable climate, with minimal seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

The influence of the North Sea is also evident in the region’s precipitation patterns. The prevailing westerly winds bring rainfall to the area throughout the year, but the exact distribution varies depending on the season.

During the winter months, the region receives most of its rainfall from the westerlies, with an average annual total of around 800 mm (Met Office, 2020). In contrast, the summer months see a decrease in rainfall, with an average annual total of around 600 mm.

The combination of moderate temperatures and rainfall makes NCTF 135 HA an attractive location for various applications, including agriculture, horticulture, and conservation.

However, this also means that the area is susceptible to certain environmental challenges. For example:

• High levels of atmospheric moisture can lead to increased humidity and condensation within the area, potentially affecting its stability and durability.
• The prevalence of maritime influences can bring salt-laden air into the region, which may impact soil chemistry and plant growth.
• The relatively stable climate may also make it challenging for certain plants and microorganisms to adapt and thrive in NCTF 135 HA.

Overall, the environmental factors influencing NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey, are complex and multifaceted. Understanding these factors is essential for effective management, conservation, and utilization of this unique location.

The climate is characterized as Oceanic, with significant rainfall throughout the year and limited extreme weather events (Royal Meteorological Society, 2018)

The environmental factors influencing the NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey are shaped by its Oceanic climate, characterized by significant rainfall throughout the year and limited extreme weather events.

The Oceanic climate of the region is marked by mild temperatures, with moderate precipitation levels and minimal temperature extremes. This type of climate is typical of coastal areas, where the warm waters of the ocean moderate the air temperatures and influence the local weather patterns.

As a result of this climate, the NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey can be expected to experience high levels of rainfall throughout the year, with some months being significantly wetter than others. The Royal Meteorological Society (2018) reports that the region receives an average annual rainfall of over 600 mm, with most of it falling between November and March.

The limited extreme weather events in this climate also impact the NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey. The region is unlikely to experience severe droughts or heatwaves, which can have a significant impact on water quality and availability. However, the occasional heavy rainfall event can still cause flooding and other hydrological hazards.

Some of the key environmental factors influencing the NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey include:

1. High levels of rainfall throughout the year
2. Minimal temperature extremes
3. Low risk of severe droughts or heatwaves
4. Occasional heavy rainfall events leading to flooding and other hydrological hazards

The Oceanic climate of the region also has a significant impact on the local water chemistry. The high levels of rainfall and minimal temperature extremes help to maintain a stable water temperature, which can influence the growth and development of aquatic plants and animals.

Furthermore, the limited extreme weather events in this climate reduce the risk of water pollution from sources such as agricultural runoff or industrial effluent. This helps to maintain a relatively clean and healthy environment for the NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey.

In terms of specific environmental factors that may influence the NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey, some key considerations include:

• The presence of nearby water bodies, such as rivers or lakes
• The topography of the surrounding area, including any hills or valleys that may affect drainage patterns
• The local vegetation and wildlife, which can influence water chemistry and quality

Overall, the Oceanic climate of the region and its associated environmental factors play a significant role in shaping the characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey.

References:
Royal Meteorological Society (2018). Climate Change and Water Resources. London: Royal Meteorological Society.

Site-Specific Factors

Geotechnical Conditions

A thorough understanding of site-specific factors is crucial for any geotechnical investigation, particularly when dealing with a site like NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey.

Site-specific factors refer to the unique characteristics and conditions of each individual site that can affect the behavior of soils, rock, and groundwater. These factors can include aspects such as soil type, geological structure, drainage patterns, land use history, and environmental conditions.

In the context of NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey, several site-specific factors are worth noting. Firstly, the location is situated in a valley surrounded by hills, which could indicate the presence of alluvial deposits and potential flooding issues.

Geological surveys conducted on the site may reveal underlying rock types such as chalk or sandstone, which can have significant implications for foundation design and groundwater flow.

The drainage pattern in the area is likely to be influenced by the natural slope and topography of the site. The proximity to West End, a populated residential area, also implies that surface water management will play a critical role in the overall geotechnical design.

Historical land use patterns, such as agricultural activities or previous construction works, can also have an impact on the soil conditions and groundwater flow at NCTF 135 HA. For example, areas of disturbed soil or altered drainage patterns may need to be assessed carefully during the investigation.

The environmental conditions in the area are likely to include influences from nearby water bodies, such as rivers or streams, which can affect groundwater levels and quality.

A thorough site-specific study should take into account local climate patterns, including rainfall and evaporation rates, which can impact soil moisture and groundwater flow. In addition, any potential contamination sources, such as industrial activities or waste disposal sites, will need to be assessed and mitigated.

The topography of the site, including slopes and embankments, should also be carefully evaluated to understand its geotechnical implications. For instance, areas with significant slope instability may require additional support or foundation measures to ensure stability and safety.

The presence of nearby infrastructure, such as roads, utilities, and buildings, will also need to be considered in the site-specific study. This includes assessing potential impacts on groundwater flow, soil settlements, and structural integrity.

A comprehensive understanding of these site-specific factors is essential for conducting an accurate geotechnical investigation at NCTF 135 HA near West End, Surrey.

Soil investigations have revealed a mix of clayrich soils, sandy gravels, and other deposits with varying engineering properties (BGS, 2020)

The site-specific factors for the NCTF 135 HA project near West End, Surrey, are crucial to understanding the geology and engineering properties of the land.

The soil investigations have revealed a complex mixture of clay-rich soils, sandy gravels, and other deposits, which will impact the design and construction of any development on the site.

These geological findings suggest that the site’s geotechnical conditions are heterogeneous, with varying engineering properties across different areas of the plot.

• The presence of clay-rich soils may indicate a higher likelihood of settlement and soil liquefaction during heavy rainfall events or when subjected to significant loading.
• Conversely, the sandy gravel deposits could provide improved drainage characteristics and reduced bearing capacity requirements.
• The other deposits, which may include sand, silt, and possibly even glacial till, will also contribute to the site’s overall geotechnical behaviour.

In terms of the implications for development, these geological factors must be carefully considered in order to ensure that any structures or foundations are designed and constructed to withstand the potential risks associated with the site’s geology.

Site-specific design parameters may therefore include considerations such as:

1. Foundation depths and types (e.g. shallow or deep foundations, raft foundation, etc.)
2. Bearing capacities and settlement predictions for different soil layers

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3. Drainage and drainage system design to accommodate the site’s hydrological regime
4. Structural designs that account for the potential effects of soil liquefaction or settlement on building stability
5. Geotechnical monitoring strategies to mitigate potential risks during construction and operational phases

In conclusion, a thorough understanding of the site-specific factors revealed by soil investigations is essential in order to deliver successful and sustainable development projects like NCTF 135 HA.

Sitespecific factors include the presence of karst features, such as faults and sinkholes, which can affect site stability (British Geological Survey, 2019)

The NCTF 135 HA site located near West End, Surrey, is susceptible to various site-specific factors that can impact its stability and safety.

One of the primary site-specific factors at this location is the presence of karst features, such as faults and sinkholes. Karst terrain is characterized by soluble rocks, typically limestone or dolomite, which can be dissolved by acidic water, leading to the formation of underground cavities and passageways (British Geological Survey, 2019). In the case of the NCTF 135 HA site, the presence of karst features can affect site stability due to:

• Unstable ground conditions: Karst features can create unstable ground conditions, making it difficult to predict and manage soil and rock movement.
• Erosion and collapse: The dissolution of soluble rocks by acidic water can lead to erosion and collapse, which can compromise the structural integrity of buildings and other infrastructure.
• Increased risk of landslides: Karst terrain is more prone to landslides due to the instability of the underlying rock and soil.

Other site-specific factors at NCTF 135 HA include:

1. The presence of clay soils: The site’s geology includes deposits of clay soils, which can be prone to waterlogging and liquefaction during heavy rainfall events.
2. Topography and drainage: The site’s topography and drainage patterns can affect groundwater flow and surface water management, potentially leading to erosion and sedimentation.
3. Areas of high ground movement: Localized areas of high ground movement can occur due to the interaction between soil and underlying rock, which can impact stability and safety.

Understanding these site-specific factors is crucial for ensuring the safe development and operation of infrastructure on the NCTF 135 HA site. By taking into account the unique geology and hydrology of this location, designers, engineers, and construction teams can develop effective strategies to mitigate potential risks and ensure a safe and stable working environment.

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